A storage unit, also known as a storage device, is a hardware component used to save digital data permanently or temporarily in a computer system. It allows the system to store operating systems, software applications, files, and other types of data so that they can be accessed and used when needed. Storage units come in various forms, including hard disk drives (HDDs), which use magnetic storage to save large amounts of data at a relatively low cost, and solid-state drives (SSDs), which use flash memory to provide faster data access speeds and greater durability. Other types of storage units include optical drives, such as CD or DVD drives, and external storage devices like USB flash drives and external hard drives. The capacity, speed, and type of storage unit play a significant role in the overall performance and usability of a computer.
A PSU, or power supply unit, is a crucial component of a computer that converts the electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the internal components of the PC. It ensures that the correct voltage and current are delivered to parts like the motherboard, CPU, GPU, storage devices, and fans, enabling the system to operate safely and efficiently. There are different types of PSUs, including modular, where cables can be detached and connected as needed to reduce clutter and improve airflow inside the case, and non-modular, where all cables are permanently attached to the unit. The choice of PSU affects the reliability, power efficiency, and upgrade potential of a computer system.
A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the creation and rendering of images, videos, and animations for display on a computer screen. It handles complex mathematical calculations required for rendering graphics, which allows the central processing unit (CPU) to focus on other tasks, thereby improving overall system performance. GPUs are essential not only for gaming and multimedia applications but also for professional fields like 3D modeling, video editing, and scientific simulations. There are mainly two types of GPUs: integrated GPUs, which are built into the CPU or motherboard and share the system’s memory, making them more cost-effective and energy-efficient but less powerful; and dedicated GPUs (also known as discrete GPUs), which are separate expansion cards with their own memory and processing resources, offering much higher performance suitable for demanding graphical tasks and heavy workloads.
RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is a key component of a computer's hardware that temporarily stores data and instructions that the central processing unit (CPU) needs to access quickly while performing tasks. RAM is classified as volatile memory, which means that it only retains data while the computer is powered on. When the system is turned off or restarted, all the information stored in RAM is erased.
Unlike permanent storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs), which store data even when the computer is off, RAM is used for short-term data storage that enables faster processing and efficient performance. When you open a program or a file, your operating system loads the necessary data into RAM so that the CPU can access it rapidly without having to retrieve it from slower storage.
RAM plays a critical role in multitasking. The more RAM a system has, the more applications it can run simultaneously without slowing down. If the system runs out of RAM, it begins to use part of the storage drive as "virtual memory," which is significantly slower and may lead to lag or reduced system responsiveness.
There are several different types of RAM, each with specific uses and characteristics:
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
This is the most common type of RAM used in desktop and laptop computers. It stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit and needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second to retain the data.
SRAM(Static RAM)
Unlike DRAM, SRAM does not need to be refreshed constantly, which makes it faster and more reliable. However, it is more expensive and is typically used in smaller quantities for cache memory inside CPUs.
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
SDRAM is synchronized with the system clock, meaning it responds to commands in sync with the computer’s timing, improving efficiency. It has largely been replaced by newer forms of RAM in modern systems.
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM)
This is the modern standard for RAM in most computers. It allows data transfers on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, effectively doubling the data rate.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC that connects and allows communication between all the different components of the computer. It acts as the central hub where the CPU, memory (RAM), storage devices, graphics card, power supply, and other peripherals are connected. The motherboard provides the electrical pathways, called buses, that enable data to move between these parts.
It also contains important chips and controllers that manage data flow and help the system operate smoothly. Key components on the motherboard include the CPU socket, RAM slots, expansion slots (for graphics cards and other add-ons), storage connectors (for hard drives and SSDs), and various ports for USB, audio, and network connections.
The motherboard controls how components work together, and its design determines what hardware is compatible with the system. Different motherboards support different processors, types of memory, and expansion options. It also includes the BIOS or UEFI firmware, which initializes hardware during startup and provides low-level control over the system.
Overall, the motherboard is essential for holding all parts together and making sure they communicate effectively, which is why it’s considered the backbone of a PC.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It processes instructions and handles all basic operations needed for the system to function, including running programs and managing hardware.
The CPU follows a cycle: it fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, executes them, and stores the result if needed. This happens millions of times per second.
Key parts of a CPU include:
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): handles calculations and logic.
Control Unit: directs data flow.
Registers: store temporary data.
Cache memory: stores frequently used data for faster access.
Important CPU features:
Clock speed (GHz): how fast the CPU works.
Cores: each core can handle tasks; more cores = better multitasking.
Threads: virtual cores that improve efficiency.
Architecture: the CPU's design (e.g., x86, ARM).
TDP: how much heat the CPU produces.
CPUs need cooling (air or liquid) to prevent overheating, which can slow performance or damage the hardware.
Thecooling system in a PC is essential for maintaining safe operating temperatures for its internal components. As parts like the CPU and GPU perform intensive tasks, they generate significant heat. Without proper cooling, this heat can lead to reduced performance, system instability, and even permanent damage to hardware. A well-cooled PC not only prevents overheating but also ensures stable performance, extends the lifespan of components, and reduces the risk of crashes or slowdowns caused by thermal throttling.
There are three main types of cooling systemsused in PCs: air cooling, liquid cooling, and passive cooling.
Air cooling:is the most common and cost-effective method. It uses heatsinks—usually made of copper or aluminum—to absorb heat from components like the CPU or GPU. Attached to these heatsinks are fans that move air across the surface and out of the case. Air cooling is simple to install and maintain, but it may not be sufficient for high-performance systems or overclocking, and it can be noisy if multiple fans are used.
Liquid cooling: also known as water cooling, is more efficient and quieter than air cooling. This system circulates a liquid coolant through a closed loop that absorbs heat from a water block mounted on the CPU or GPU. The heated liquid is then moved to a radiator, where fans help dissipate the heat before the coolant is recirculated. There are two types: AIO (All-in-One) systems, which are pre-assembled and easy to install, and custom loops, which offer more flexibility but require more effort and can be costly. Liquid cooling is ideal for gaming PCs and workstations that demand high performance but comes with added complexity and the potential risk of leaks.
Passive cooling: uses large heatsinks and natural airflow, without any fans or pumps. While it is completely silent and has no moving parts—making it low maintenance—it is only effective for low-power systems such as media centers or compact, fanless PCs.
In this article we are going to speak about the case:
What is a computer case?
Acomputer case, also known as a computer chassis, tower, or cabinet, is the enclosure that houses most of the components of a desktop computer. It serves multiple critical functions including protecting the internal hardware from physical damage, dust, and electromagnetic interference, while also providing a framework for mounting and organizing components.
The computer case typically contains slots and bays for installing essential hardware such as the motherboard, power supply unit (PSU), storage drives (HDDs or SSDs), optical drives, cooling systems (fans, liquid cooling radiators), expansion cards (graphics cards, sound cards), and input/output ports. It provides connectivity for peripherals via front and rear panel ports.
Cases come in various sizes and form factors (e.g., Full Tower, Mid Tower, Mini Tower, Small Form Factor), which are designed to be compatible with specific motherboard sizes like ATX, Micro-ATX, and Mini-ITX. The design of a computer case often emphasizes airflow and cooling efficiency to maintain optimal operating temperatures, incorporating features such as ventilation grills, dust filters, and mounting points for fans or liquid cooling components.
In addition to protection and organization, computer cases contribute to the aesthetic appeal of a system, offering customizable options such as transparent side panels, RGB lighting, and unique materials or finishes.
In the nexts articles I´am going to explain how to set up a computer. First I´am going to add a video of how to built your own PC, and after I will explain each component:
